The authors of this publication present a spectrum of current challenges for the development of civil aviation in Poland. Their discussion is based on an analysis of the relevant literature, normative documents, and industry reports, as well as their own observations of the sector's contemporary conditions in terms of political, economic, legal, technological, and infrastructural factors. This article attempts to identify the most significant factors indicating the need to develop a comprehensive civil aviation strategy in Poland. Its provisions should address contemporary development challenges while maintaining the ability to adapt to rapid technological progress. The multitude and diversity of determinants affecting this sector clearly indicate the need to develop long-term concepts that would enable the stable development of Polish aviation by increasing its international competitiveness and resilience to volatile macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions. The main aim of the article is to identify and multi-faceted analysis of key strategic factors that will determine the directions of development of civil aviation in the next decade.