This article presents a systematic classification of railway rolling stock relevant to the transport of dangerous goods. Rolling stock is first defined in accordance with European Union rail-transport statistics regulation and Polish infrastructure law, which divides railway vehicles into standard and special-purpose stock . Building on this legal framework, the article narrows its focus to the vehicle types most relevant to dangerous-goods logistics: traction vehicles and freight wagons. Traction vehicles are classified according to their power source into non-autonomous electric locomotives and autonomous diesel and battery locomotives, illustrated with examples used by Polish rail-freight operators, including the ET22, ET43 and EU46 electric locomotives and the ST44, ST48 and SM48 diesel locomotives. Emerging battery-electric solutions, exemplified by a Polish shunting locomotive and the heavy-freight FLXdrive locomotive developed for the mining sector, are discussed as part of a broader shift toward lower-emission traction. On the trailer-vehicle side, the analysis covers tank wagons, tank containers and multiple-element gas containers (MEGC) used for gases such as LNG and hydrogen, as well as container flat wagons supporting intermodal transport. A separate case of extraordinary consignments, exemplified by the rail transport of military equipment, is presented for comparison with the regime applicable to dangerous goods. The findings indicate that the classification of rolling stock by construction and power source provides a practical framework for identifying vehicles suited to specific categories of dangerous-goods consignments, and that the sector is gradually moving toward more environmentally oriented traction and wagon solutions. The article concludes by pointing to directions for further research, in particular the regulatory and safety-certification requirements applicable to specific rolling-stock types.