An extended auricular electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring system, an auricular Speckle Contrast Optical Spectroscope (SCOS) unit and photoplethysmography (PPG) unit are integrated to detect and guide therapy of migraine, impending migraine, cluster headache and impending cluster headache. An automatic detection-therapy system includes the auricular EEG monitoring system, the SCOS unit-PPG unit and neuromodulation units. When presence of EEG signals and blood flow data suggestive of migraine or cluster headache is detected by the processing unit, the neuromodulation unit is configured to automatically start neuromodulating electric stimulation immediately to at least one of: auricular branch of vagus nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, supraorbital nerve, infraorbital nerve, occipital nerve and greater auricular nerve. A neurovascular monitoring system, comprising an auricular EEG, SCOS and PPG to monitor EEG and cerebral blood flow, can monitor stroke, brain injury and warn impending stroke. These earbud-shaped systems are wearable, user-installable, user-removable and ambulatory.