The present technology is directed generally to electrical stimulation and associated systems and methods for preferentially and/or selectively activating and suppressing motor neurons and/or motor responses, such as to treat a motor dysfunction in patients. For example, in some embodiments high frequency electrical stimulation can be administered to a target neural population via an implanted signal delivery device to induce a motor response in a first muscle, and low frequency electrical stimulation can be administered to the target neural population via the same signal delivery device to induce a motor response in a second muscle that is different than the first muscle.